在日常教学应用中, 百分位数就是: 有百分之多少的人考的比你差.
"Order statistics provide a way of estimating proportions of the data that should fall above and below a given value, called a percentile. The pth percentile is a value, Y(p), such that at most (100p)% of the measurements are less than this value and at most 100(1- p)% are greater. The 50th percentile is called the median."
1. 计算百分位数
简单的计算: 考的差的学生/总学生数目
作为统计用, 且假设不会有大规模数据重复.
1. Step 1
Sort the data set so measurements are in order from lowest to highest. Normally this is done by entering the numbers in a computer spread sheet and then clicking on the sort command. You can do this manually by listing the possible measurements in order and then making a hash mark beside the appropriate number for each individual measurement.
2. Step 2
Start to calculate the percentile of an individual measurement (as an example we’ll assume this is a test score of 87 out of a possible 100) in a data set of 150. The formula to use is L/N(100) = P where L is the number of measurements less than 87, N is the total number of measurements in the data set (here 150) and P is the percentile. Count up the total number of measurements that are less than 87. We’ll assume this total is 113. This gives us L = 113 and N = 150.
3. Step 3
Divide out L/N to get the decimal equivalent. (113/150 = 0.753). Multiply this by 100 (0.753(100) = 75.3).
4. Step 4
Discard the digits to the right of the decimal point. For 75.3 this leaves 75. This is the percentile of a measurement of 87 in our example and means this measurement is higher than 75 percent of all the measurements in the data set.
更细致的计算方式, 可参考下文WikiPedia地址.
2. 给定百分位数, 求解成绩
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Thu Nov 23 10:47:02 2000)
ETS明确规定Percentile是一定要求的一个统计量,不知道有没有G友遇到过关于Percentile的数学题,因为Percentile的计算比较复杂,所以我在此对Percentile的求法详述,以方便G友:
Percentile: percent below用概念来说没什么用,而且易让人糊涂,所以在此我归纳出一个公式以供G友参考。
设一个序列供有n个数,要求(k%)的Percentile:
(1)从小到大排序,求(n-1)*k%,记整数部分为i,小数部分为j
(2)所求结果=(1-j)*第(i+1)个数+j*第(i+2)个数
特别注意以下两种最可能考的情况:
(1)j为0,即(n-1)*k%恰为整数,则结果恰为第(i+1)个数
(2)第(i+1)个数与第(i+2)个数相等,不用算也知道正是这两个数。
注意:我前面提到的Quartile也可用这种方法计算,
其中1st Quartile的k%=25%
2nd Quartile的k%=50%
3rd Quartile的k%=75%
计算结果一样。
例:(注意一定要先从小到大排序的,这里已经排过序啦!)
{1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,19,29,39,49,59,69,79,80}共16个样本
(1)30%:(16-1)*30%=4.5=4+0.5
(1-0.5)*第5个数+0.5*第6个数=0.5*6+0.5*7=6.5
(2)75%:15*75%=11.25=11+0.25 (3rd Quartile)
(1-0.25)*第12个数+0.25*第13个数=0.75*59+0.25*69=51.5
原文引自:
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=22&id=233
另: 参考资料:
WikiPedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentile – 偏重统计学
美国国家标准及技术研究所 http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section2/prc252.htm
How to Calculate Percentiles: http://www.ehow.com/how_2310404_calculate-percentiles.html
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两个问题的同一个原因: 模块权限不够.
如果不是任课老师或班主任, 只是在系统设置中设置了权限, 但并没有在子系统权限设置中赋予其权限, 则其无法进行题目中的操作.
问题一解决方法: http://liguoliang.com/2008/11/453/
问题二解决方法: 在学籍系统> 学生管理> 学籍权限坚持当前用户是否有权限,如果没有赋予其教务老师角色;
Adaptive mode :
In the simplest adaptive questions this new state may differ only in the feedback text and prompt the student to try again; in more complicated question also the question text and even the interaction elements can change.
最简单的适应性问题的新状态可能只是反馈信息有所不同,提示学生再次尝试;更复杂的问题的问题描述甚至交互元素都可以改变。
This mode also allows adaptive questions that can change themselves in response to a student’s answer. Here is how the IMS QTI specification defines adaptive questions (items):
An adaptive item is an item that adapts either its appearance, its scoring (Response Processing) or both in response to each of the candidate’s attempts. For example, an adaptive item may start by prompting the candidate with a box for free-text entry but, on receiving an unsatisfactory answer, present a simple choice interaction instead and award fewer marks for subsequently identifying the correct response. Adaptivity allows authors to create items for use in formative situations which both help to guide candidates through a given task while also providing an outcome that takes into consideration their path
Group mode
he group mode can be one of three levels:
No groups – there are no sub groups, everyone is part of one big community
Separate groups – each group can only see their own group, others are invisible
Visible groups – each group works in their own group, but can also see other groups
The group mode can be defined at two levels:
1. Course level
The group mode defined at the course level is the default mode for all activities defined within that course
2. Activity level
Each activity that supports groups can also define its own grouping mode. If the course is set to "force group mode" then the setting for each activity is ignored.
小组模式可以有三个层次:
无小组 – 没有小组,每一个人都是一个大社区中的一员;
分割小组 – 每个组的成员都只能看到自己的组员,不能看到其它的;
可视小组 – 每个组的成员都自己完成工作,但可以看到其它小组的情况。
小组模式可以在两个层次上定义:
1. 课程层次
在课程层次定义的组模式,会缺省成为该课程内所有活动的缺省模式;
2. 活动层次
每个支持小组的活动都可以定义自己的组模式。如果课程设定了"强制小组模式",则针对活动的设定会被忽略。
福建省教育厅鞠维强厅长对新课程实验工作高度重视,明确提出:
摘自: 2007年8月10日 福建省教育厅基础教育处 李天奇
<<在2007年全省普通高中新课程实验工作会议上的发言>>
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